You need at least a sun, I got it by making a new sim, placing a star (used the sun) and placed the earth 20+ AU out from it. I got the snowball earth badge that way.
Edit: Putting the visible emissivity to 0.65 or a little bit above breaks the temp number and it goes into NaN M C. It doesn't break the sim or anything, it just breaks the number displayed on that setting.
Also, could there be an option to use Fahrenheight? Not all of us use Celcius. Sure I could use a temp conversion thing, but it would be great to at least have the option. Also luminosity has no affect at this time, although star temp and luminosity would generally go hand in hand so to speak